IMO Ballast Water Exchange and Performance Standards

In order to reduce damage from aquatic invasive species the International Maritime Organization (IMO) developed the â€Å"International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments†. The BWM convention began with the IMO’s Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) in 1991. Since then there have been many revisions. Some of these revisions were driven by advancing technology to remove unwanted organisms at flow rates that would not severely impact operations. Treatment of ballast water with the latest technology can meet standards at a rate of 2500 cubic meters (660,430 US Gallons) per hour. A large vessel may still take several hours per exchange to flush her ballast tanks at this rate. Flow rates and energy consumption must be acceptable to operators while producing no harmful effects on the environment. Ballast Water Standards There are two types of ballast water standards in the convention. Their differences are significant and they should not be directly compared. The first, Ballast Water Exchange, is based on specified distances and depths where a vessel may discharge. Ballast Water Performance is a standard based on the number of viable organisms allowed per unit of treated water. Some areas are instituting standards which exceed the IMO guidelines. Both California and the Great Lakes region of the United States have adopted stringent local guidelines. The US is one of many major shipping nations that have not signed the convention. Thirty nations who have a combined merchant gross tonnage of thirty-five percent of the global tonnage are needed to ratify the convention. Ballast Water Exchange The standard for ballast water exchange is fairly simple. A vessel must discharge foreign ballasts at a specified distance from shore and at a specified depth using a submerged discharge device. Regulation B-4 and D-1 of the BWM convention gives us the specifics. Exchange may take place 200 Nautical Miles (NM) from shore at a depth of 200 meters. If that is not possible for safety or other reasons then a vessel may use the next procedure.If neither of these scenarios is possible then a vessel may exchange â€Å"in an area designated by the port state†. While undertaking ballast water exchange a port state must not cause deviation or delay of a ship.Efficiency of exchange should be at least 95% of volume and must be repeated three times. Vessels which demonstrate high-efficiency exchanges may reduce the number of exchange cycles.Ballast Water Exchange should only be undertaken when the safety of the vessel and crew are guaranteed. Ballast Water Performance In the case of Ballast Water Exchange, ship operators are flushing untreated ballast out of the tanks. This is a practical if not perfect way of allowing older vessels to operate without the expense and logistical problems of ballast water treatment retrofits. New and retrofitted vessels are much less likely to transport unwanted species because the ballast water treatment systems eliminate a large proportion of the viable organisms from the ballast tanks before discharge. Systems like these significantly reduce the chances of unwanted species being introduced by inefficient exchange practices or in the event of an untreated near shore discharge for safety reasons. The IMO uses the following guidelines for the Ballast Water Exchange standard in regulation D-2. Ballast water must contain less than 10 viable organisms which are greater than or equal to 50 microns in size per cubic meter (264 US Gallons). For reference, 50 microns is about half the thickness of an average human hair.In addition, ballast water must contain less than 10 viable organisms that are less than 50 microns but greater than or equal to 10 microns per milliliter (1/1000th of a liter).Indicator Microbes may not exceed the following amounts; Vibrio Cholerae - less than 1 CFU (colony forming unit) per 100 Ml, E. Coli – less than 250 CFU per 100Ml, Enterococci – less than 100 CFU per 100Ml. Water treated to this standard is considered pure enough to discharge in most ports. These steps to re-mediate ballast water are only effective in the removal of unwanted organisms. It is still possible to carry toxins like copper and heavy metals often found in ports to other destinations in ballast water and these pollutants may concentrate in ballast tank sediment. Radioactive substances can also be transported in ballast but any serious cases would likely be found quickly by monitoring personnel.

The Fall Of Singapore And The Malaya Campaign - 1420 Words

The events of World War Two such as the failed Malaya campaign, the fall of Singapore, the bombing of Pearl Harbour and the stretched resources of Britain, led to Australia developing a more independent foreign policy however, independent of Britain. The changing of alliance between Britain, Australia and the United States of America has led to a substantial impact on shaping Australian society and where Australia are today. The fall of Singapore and the Malaya campaign brought the war extremely close to Australia even reaching Australian soil for the first time and generated new opinions and perspectives on the war for all Australians. Furthermore, with its greatest military defeat of all time, Britain had to recover and Australia had to†¦show more content†¦208). This led to the fall of Singapore which lasted from 8th-15th February 1942, which resulted in the surrender of all British and Empire forces in Singapore. This horrific event caused many Australians to fear for th e safety of the nation. A well-known newspaper at the time wrote: â€Å"Australia sent her best men and some of her equipment now sorely needed at home to relieve British needs elsewhere †¦ the United Kingdom turned deaf ears to every plea.† (‘The Fall of Singapore’ 1942, The Canberra Times) This article indicates Britain couldn’t provide assistance for Australia which was under threat by the Japanese despite Australia supplying its available resources to Britain which was in a desperate struggle to win against Nazi Germany (Mason, 2014 pg. 200). This was a significant issue for Australia as they saw Britain as their protector within Asia and counted on their strong military force which was weak in the Pacific due to the fall of Singapore as they were no longer able to use Singapore as a place for communication and supplies. This cartoon from the Daily Telegraph created towards the end of the fall of Singapore, corroborates with the newspaper quote above: Mahony, 1942, Daily Telegraph. This cartoon emphasises the relationship between Winston Churchill the British Prime Minister (Left) and the Australian Prime Minister John Curtin (Right). The

Real Workplace Communication Situation-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Identify a real workplace communication situation that requires, or required, the production of a written text. If you have workplace experience, this could be a situation in which you were (or are) incloved (not necessarily as a writer). If you have not had relevant workplace experience. Answer: Introduction: The purpose of a written assignment is to send a message to the recipient with an intention of that person reading it, understanding the message and thereby responding to it. If the purpose of the written communication is not achieved, the important information will not be understood which can thereby result in a particular outcome not being achieved and even to sever loss. The assignment will mainly comprise on two important parts. It will first consist of a rhetorical survey which will mainly be pointing out the mistakes made during the written communication and the issues that arise out of it. The second part will mainly comprise of the recommendations that should be provided to the writer so that similar incidences do not occur in the future. Rhetoric survey: The situation took place when I was a project leader in my internship months in XYZ Company. I had a team of ten members whom I used to meet every morning before beginning the day at office and distribute that days work by pointing out their names and assigning their duties. On the particular morning, I had to take day off and for that the duty was assigned to another project leader who was a working in a separate branch in other part of the city. Instead of talking with my teammates, he chose to write a mail to the team, assigning them of their duties. The triggering event took place when the new project lead sent a very long mail with a large number of details of the work they had to conduct those them. Not only that, it was found that the job segmentation that I used to do for my teammates were not done properly. A huge list of work was noted down and that too was down in a clumsy manner. It was very long mail and the important information was scattered all throughout. Moreover in place of sending the assigned duties to each member, it was sent to a single member of the team in a strict tone which affected the emotions of the workers and was asked to circulate. The actor identified in the event was the project leader of the other branch and my teammates. The primary audience was the member of the team who got the mail from the other project lead. The secondary audience was the other nine members of the team whom the first member would be circulating the information. Additional secondary audience may be those members whom my team members would approach to complete the assigned tasks like the consumers, or the store heads, franchise heads, accountants, other managers and others. The primary goal of the mail was to make the team members work together for making the every stakeholder aware of the new products which are being launched for limited edition for the Christmas sales. The project lead was to assign different duties to different members where one of them would be handling the meetings with the accounts departments, the other two team members would be working on the data collections and sales figures of the products sold in the last week, another who would be tackling the meetings with franchise holders who would be described about the new products and services which the company is launching and others. However, instead of assigning different members of different duties, he wrote a mail clumsily of the activities to be done. He wrote a very long mail where the information was lost and he did not refer to any members while writing the mail. Audience dynamics was not achieved as the project lead could not successfully convey the message properly and the entire incident did not have a proper outcome. The tone of the email was highly strict and affected the go of the team members. The informal environment in maintain in my team made them feel that the new project lead was unnecessarily strict and demanding. The email could not help them understand their job role and they were not able to understand how to proceed with the work individually. The main information was not being able to be adopted by the members in their work as they were not getting their role clarity. The team members were quite uncomfortable with their project lead as the communication happened from another office and they had never seen the project lead before. Therefore they were quite concerned about how the new project lead would react about their inefficiency to follow his instructions. Therefore, out of fear to lose their self esteem and make them look inefficient in front of those project leaders, they responded with a mail where they misinformed him that they had entirely understood the entire work and the work would be completed within time. Critical reflection and recommendations: Written communication needs to be followed by a number of rules to make the information reach the recipient properly. Reaching the information is not enough as the information should be written in way so that it can be properly understood, ever information followed and the main points are properly noted (Holtbrugge et al. 2013). The first problem found in the mail was found that it was unnecessarily clumsy. Researchers are of the opinion that when certain instructions of works needed to be given to recipients, it should be done in the form of bullets. Human brains can process the latter in better ways than a long page of information written in scattered ways (Bergila et al., 2013). Secondly, the project lead knew that it is a team of ten members who are interns and are not much experienced. Researchers therefore also say that, the sender should rightly address the recipient properly so that they can understand what was expected from them (Argenti, 2015). If the work was properly segregated and separately mailed to the team members or even if the mail was written with separate members being mentioned about their work proper outcomes would have taken place (Grace et al., 2015). The third issue which was also noticed was the tone of the mail. As the project lead was given the work of assigning jobs to the team members, he should have first introduced himself in the mail with informal tone before directly entering into responsibility of assigning works. The tone of the mail seemed to be highly strict for the team members. Therefore they could not gather courage to mail him back for reconfirmation or clarifying any issues that they were facing (Bovee, Thill Raina, 2016). Rather, out of fear, they responded with a positive reply which actually resulted in miscommunication issue. The work outcomes were not achieved and it led to loss of productivity for the entire team. Conclusion: From the entire scenario, it was seen that an improper email resulted not only affecting the morale of the employees and made them confused about their role but resulted in complete loss of the productivity of the team. Therefore every working professional should develop proper communication skills so that different issues can be avoided and productivity is not hampered. References: Argenti, P. A. (2015).Corporate communication. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Bargiela-Chiappini, F., Nickerson, C., Planken, B. (2013). What is business discourse?. InBusiness Discourse(pp. 3-44). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Bovee, C. L., Thill, J. V., Raina, R. L. (2016).Business communication today. Pearson Education India. Grace, A., Kemp, N., Martin, F. H., Parrila, R. (2015). Undergraduates attitudes to text messaging language use and intrusions of textisms into formal writing.new media society,17(5), 792-809. Holtbrgge, D., Weldon, A., Rogers, H. (2013). Cultural determinants of email communication styles.International Journal of Cross Cultural Management,13(1), 89-110

Enterprises free essay sample

The budding entrepreneur Sam Marcus along with investor Mr. Walter saw the potential of dynamic growth in Mike’s cabinet making company and purchased a small 25 year old cabinet-making company from its founder 2 year earlier. The company competed in basically two segments, commercial and residential construction markets. Sam envisioned the company to grow to 70 Million in sales by 2007. Though commercial market offered the growth opportunity, the operating cycles were rigid because of bidding process which only has 32 % success ratio. On the other hand, the residential market was small but has the ‘got’ ratio of 70 %. The case raised many interesting facts about the value of the customer for an organization perspective. Blackstone being the biggest customer offered annual sales of about 2. 4 % to CMR, but does this relationship offered any value add to the CMR? In the end Sam Marcus must decide whether to continue this relationship without increasing prices or to increase prices thereby threatening a relationship with CMR’s biggest customer. We will write a custom essay sample on Enterprises or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Relationship with Blackstone: Clearly, initiating a relationship with the Blackstone was a complete strategic fit for the CMR enterprises. CMR wanted to increase its revenue 10 times in coming 10 years by creating a scalable and replicable business model. Blackstone will not only offer CMR high volume of sales but also will give them the strong foothold in the residential market share. More so, with aggressive growth strategy in mind, alliance with the Blackstone will gave CMR an opportunity to standardize its business processes in order to benefit from improved operational efficiencies that comes because of scale of operations. The following calculation specifies quantitative value of relationship of black stone for CMR enterprises. Blackstone contribution towards the CMR for year 1998 Fiscal year 1998 | Revenue| Total Residential | 1596000| Blackstone Contribution| 210314| % of contribution in Residential Segment | 13. 17757| Es CM | 65,344| Though the contribution of the sales given by Blackstone does give a positive contribution margin to the business of $ 65344, but with reference to the detailed calculation mention in the exhibit1, the relationship does hurt the CMR bottom line once the SGamp;A costs were taken into account. The overall effect was negative 3,444 which clearly mean that CMR has lost money on this account. Clearly I believe this wasn’t the case when Sam decided to initiate the relationship with Blackstone. So what went wrong and where for CMR? CMR relationship with Blackstone deteriorated over time because of the multiple implementation difficulties that arises over time. CMR was not able to garner the operational efficiencies which they thought they would be achieving, like for example, homeowners were still visiting showrooms of CMR for which CMR has to have a salesperson available in stores to serve them. Secondly, neither CMR and nor Blackstone was able to limit the involvement of the homeowners in the design phase, which again costs money to CMR. Also, as homeowners were working with many other sub-contractors, it created a project –coordination problem for both CMR and Blackstone, resulting in last minute design changes. Such changes entail last minute workings on manufacturing process and often results in loss of material and increases shop floor time etc. Hence I believe, because of the above mentioned reason, there exists a gap between the budgeted shop floor hours and the actual shop floor hours put in on the job. CMR will be right because they can justify the price increase but from the Blackstone perspective, any increase in price might results in non-conformance of the agreement that existed between CMR and Blackstone. Subsequent to my understanding of the above mentioned problems, mentioned below are some of my recommendations that can help CMR in improving the overall customer value chain. Improve the Operational Efficiency on the shop floor: As evident from the data, CMR was clearly not doing a good job in budgeting shop floor hours put in on the Job. It will be tough to believe that much of 69 % of unfavorable variance shown in exhibit 6 of case can be explained by above mentioned problems. Therefore, my hunch is that either the Project Managers/Design engineers were not making right assumptions about a particular job or it is the workforce who is putting inflated numbers on the shop floor time spent on one particular job. In both the cases, it is project manager’s job to improve the operational efficiency in order to reduce the difference between the actual and the budgeted hours. As evident from the calculation mentioned in the attached exhibit1 , if the revenues are to be calculated only using budgeted hours which means only the budged hours are spent on the Job , CMR can get the positive 16% value add on its EBIT / Revenues. Price based on Actual shop floor hours spent in the Job : Going forward, CMR can change its strategy and can start charging based on actual time spent on the job but such a strategy entails a risk that it will open up their margins to Blackstone which again can beat the prices down. This is the price increase option, but the price increase can be justified to the Blackstone management. Based on my calculation In Exhibit1 (If priced right Colum), using such a strategy will again bring positive contribution margin to CMR enterprises. Improve project coordination: As much of the problems results from poor project coordination, having a strong agreement in place will give both CMR and Blackstone an advantage if the other party fails to deliver on its promise. I recommend the penalty clause in the agreement if any party fails to deliver on its promises. CMR should make the agreement more strong like limiting the no of changes, requiring sufficient time to make changes, and pre budget approvals before initiating any change on the job. Similarly from Blackstone perspective, they can penalize CMR on late delivery or wrongful delivery, qualities issue, etc. By having a risk and reward relationship, the project coordination problems can be improved. CMR can selectively outsource some Jobs to different contractor: If CMR can’t bring in operational efficiency into their company on certain jobs or in fact as a whole, what they can do is to hire a subcontractor who can do the job for them in much less price. Rather than losing a complete business with Blackstone, what they can do is to pick and choose which project they would want to do and leave the rest for their subcontractors. This way they can really optimize their efforts and any risks associated with poor jobs get transferred to other sub-contractors. Increase the Prices: If CMR thinks they are right and believes that their price doesn’t justify the amount of work needed on the particular job, they can go ahead and increase their prices up to the minimum whereby they can make the positive return. As mentioned in the case, the market will follow sooner than later.

Echo Essays - Echo, Oreads, Narcissus, Nymph, Echo And Narcissus

Echo Echo was a nymph who lived in the forest. She romped and played with all of her fellow nymphs. One day she came across a beautifull man named Narcissus. At first she was scared of him, but soon grew quite attached. The gods looked down upon an infatuated Narcissus with disdain. They sentenced him and his new love to horrible fates. Echo could now only repeat what was said to her. This soon made Narcissus angry. He ignored Echo and looked for new romantic interests. Echo became so sad and lonely, that she ran away into a cave, and withered away. This made the gods angry, and they sentenced Narcissus to be forever in love with himself. One day while he was walking next to a pool, he saw his reflection. His gaze never moved from that spot.

Acid Rain Essays (1227 words) - Inorganic Solvents, Mineral Acids

Acid Rain Essays (1227 words) - Inorganic Solvents, Mineral Acids Acid Rain Acid rain is a serious problem with disastrous effects. Each day this serious problem increases, many people believe that this issue is too small to deal with right now this issue should be met head on and solved before it is too late. In the following paragraphs I will be discussing the impact has on the wildlife and how our atmosphere is being destroyed by acid rain. CAUSES Acid rain is a cancer eating into the face of Eastern Canada and the North Eastern United States. In Canada, the main sulphuric acid sources are non(c)ferrous smelters and power generation. On both sides of the border, cars and trucks are the main sources for nitric acid(about 40% of the total), while power generating plants and industrial commercial and residential fuel combustion together contribute most of the rest. In the air, the sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can be transformed into sulphuric acid and nitric acid, and air current can send them thousands of kilometres from the source.When the acids fall to the earth in any form it will have large impact on the growth or the preservation of certain wildlife. NO DEFENCE Areas in Ontario mainly southern regions that are near the Great Lakes, such substances as limestone or other known antacids can neutralize acids entering the body of water thereby protecting it. However, large areas of Ontario that are near the Pre(c)Cambrian Shield, with quartzite or granite based geology and little top soil, there is not enough buffering capacity to neutralize even small amounts of acid falling on the soil and the lakes. Therefore over time, the basic environment shifts from an alkaline to a acidic one. This is why many lakes in the Muskoka, Haliburton, Algonquin, Parry Sound and Manitoulin districts could lose their fisheries if sulphur emissions are not reduced substantially. ACID The average mean of pH rainfall in Ontario's Muskoka(c)Haliburton lake country ranges between 3.95 and 4.38 about 40 times more acidic than normal rainfall, while storms in Pennsilvania have rainfall pH at 2.8 it almost has the same rating for vinegar. Already 140 Ontario lakes are completely dead or dying. An additional 48 000 are sensitive and vulnerable to acid rain due to the surrounding concentrated acidic soils.? ACID RAIN CONSISTS OF....? Canada does not have as many people, power plants or automobiles as the United States, and yet acid rain there has become so severe that Canadian government officials called it the most pressing environmental issue facing the nation. But it is important to bear in mind that acid rain is only one segment, of the widespread pollution of the atmosphere facing the world. Each year the global atmosphere is on the receiving end of 20 billion tons of carbon dioxide, 130 million tons of suffer dioxide, 97 million tons of hydrocarbons, 53 million tons of nitrogen oxides, more than three million tons of arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc and other toxic metals, and a host of synthetic organic compounds ranging from polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) to toxaphene and other pesticides, a number of which may be capable of causing cancer, birth defects, or genetic imbalances. COST OF ACID RAIN Interactions of pollutants can cause problems. In addition to contributing to acid rain, nitrogen oxides can react with hydrocarbons to produce ozone, a major air pollutant responsible in the United States for annual losses of $2 billion to 4.5 billion worth of wheat, corn, soyabeans, and peanuts. A wide range of interactions can occur many unknown with toxic metals. In Canada, Ontario alone has lost the fish in an estimated 4000 lakes and provincial authorities calculate that Ontario stands to lose the fish in 48 500 more lakes within the next twenty years if acid rain continues at the present rate.Ontario is not alone, on Nova Scotia's Eastern most shores, almost every river flowing to the Atlantic Ocean is poisoned with acid. Further threatening a $2 million a year fishing industry. ? Acid rain is killing more than lakes. It can scar the leaves of hardwood forest, wither ferns and lichens, accelerate the death of coniferous needles, sterilize seeds, and weaken the forests to a state that is vulnerable to disease infestation and decay. In the soil the acid neutralizes chemicals vital for growth, strips others from the soil and carries them to the lakes and literally retards the respiration of the soil. The rate of forest growth in the White Mountains of New Hampshire has declined 18% between 1956 and 1965, time of increasingly intense acidic rainfall. Acid rain no longer falls exclusively on the lakes, forest, and thin soils of the Northeast it now covers half

Baseball Management Statistics Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Baseball Management Statistics Project - Essay Example Based on the specific factors relevant for making MLB profitable, the statistical report provides specific test ran for the variables with the indispensable impact on baseball league. Variable test ran inherently discussed based on a business perspective. Most importantly, the statistical report contains concrete materials for assisting baseball committee in improving specific shortfalls within the league. Moreover, the report entails recommendations relevant for enlightening baseball committee members in understanding statistics associated with advancements within baseball league. In contemporary baseball setting and competition, financial gain is imperative in improving performance. Prompt and reasonable wages are indispensable in improving both franchise owners and players’ morale to actively participate within baseball league. In addition, increase in baseball league prominence requires its committee members to engage actively in increasing facilities for the association. Establishment of modern facilities coupled with reasonable salaries for baseball players is imperative in promoting baseball members for the association. Therefore, improved fan base assist in realization of higher economic income. It is hypothetical that an increase in members’ attendance for a specific baseball team leads into corresponding improvement in salaries for the players and franchise owners. Moreover, increase in fan base positively corresponds to an improvement in facilities and other modern investments relevant for developing thee sports organization. Statistical analysis based on Anova test of the data in Appendix A depicts a positive correlation between participation and wages received by both franchise owners and players. Anova test results show that participation of approximately three million baseball members or more, results into correspondent increase salaries for the players and franchise

Intergenerational Care Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Intergenerational Care - Research Paper Example Programs designed for intergenerational care are proving to be very important considering the rapid growth occurring in the two special groups namely the preschoolers and the baby boomers. Especially in the modern context of absence of easily accessible extended families, double-income families (i.e., two working parents) and single parents, programs integrating different generations are deemed invaluable. Intergenerational programs have been defined by the National Council on Aging as â€Å"planned activities that increase cooperation and exchange between any two generations for their mutual benefit.† (James and Leon, 1992). These initiatives basically aim to bring young people and older adults together at various venues â€Å"to interact, stimulate, educate, support, and provide care for one another† (Kaplan, 2001). Currently, about two million older adults are engaged in intergenerational programs wherein they serve children, youth, and families. (http://family.jrank .org/pages/903 Intergenerational-Programming-Program-Models.html). One type of intergenerational programming, of the several in vogue, involves on-site daycare for children wherein the preschoolers interact with older adults e.g., from adult day services, assisted living or nursing home residents. The theory essentially is that the needs of toddlers and the elderly are not in opposition. The intergenerational programs provide the elders and children the opportunity to interact on a daily basis. That is, the program modules basically promote cross-generational socialization. Belonging to age groups that have limited socializing opportunuties, both older adults and young children are likely to derive the greatest benefits from such intergenerational experiences. Besides, it has also been felt especially important for preschoolers to experience the benefits of intergenerational programs to help them overcome the negative

Compare and contrast Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Compare and contrast - Research Paper Example Consequently, the two stories may present a conflict that exists between two parties but also express some differences in the cause, plot, setting, and resolution of the existing conflict. Plot and Themes In the story, ‘punishment’, the theme that is brought out in terms of multifaceted human interrelations and behaviors is the theme of women oppression. The author aims at enlightening the position of women in the society in relation to social issues and the sacrifices they have to take to put the point to the society. The two women puts it clearly in the storyline that they are against their husbands commands on their life. The storyline seeks to open the women’s eyes to freedom from oppressive men regardless of the price whereby Chandara is determined to die rather than marrying a man the she knew would have authority of her life. Furthermore, the two women, Radha and Chandara, have a fierce relationships and the author indicates that the two spent most of their time fighting despite their close family relationship ties. Surprisingly, Dukhiram kills his wife Radha after a quarrel but the information given to the authorities is very different whereby the brother to Dukhiram inflicts his wife Chandara as the suspect in favor of his bother. This instance further reveal the complex relation s that the two men and their women. The story ends with Chandara being found guilty of an offence not committed but could not defend herself against her husband because of the oppressive powers men had over their women in India. However, the story â€Å"The conscience of the court,† brings out the theme of loyalty and devotion, but at the same time brings out the theme of, human relationship, oppressive human behavior, and desire of men to mistreat women in the society. This is different from ‘punishment’ because the black domestic worker was loyal to her master in contrast to the case whereby the two wives did not show loyalty to their husbands. Lee, the domestic worker stands out of her limit to protect her master’s, Miss Clairborne, property despite having a loan to the white man. â€Å"I am an unlearnt woman and common-clad†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hurston 102) indicate that Lee had few opportunities to pay the loan. However, Beasley the owed white man by Lee was determined to oppress Lee further by confiscating her employee property that would have rendered her jobless. Lee makes a sacrifice that no other woman would do to protect the property by confronting the man out of the loyalty she has for her master and she states, â€Å"I love her so hard, and I can’t help myself† â€Å"(Dabritz 112). Setting Both the stories are set on a close human relationship background whereby the story by Hurston involves a domestic worker and her master and that of Tagore entails a family. The story â€Å"punishment† is set in in an Indian village to depict the Indian culture. Indian women have less power in the society whereby men have a history of oppressing them because of their culture. The story is set on family background to put out the theme of women oppression by the culture and the injustices that Indian women face in courts despite being innocent. The context reveals the approaches that the society should take to incorporate western practices and principles without dissolving the Indian cultur

Customer Relationship Management Business Dilemma Marketing Essay

Customer Relationship Management Business Dilemma Marketing Essay The most influential person in cafà © or in any business are the customers, since without customers, one does not have a business. Everything in a business environment revolves round customers. Similarly, in case of our cafà ©, customers are a key to a successful business at the end of the day. Knowing your customers and providing satisfaction to those customers would gain customer loyalty. Grandfather gave priority to customers thats why he knew all his customers. However, just knowing your customers is not enough; one needs to keep a record of its customers so that its easy to analyze. Since customers are really influential towards a business, business (in our case, cafe) should treat each and every customer as if they were the only customer. While serving each customer, one must keep in mind the needs of that particular customer only and should serve in such a way that the service exceeds their expectation. Giving most priority towards customers would enhance customer loyalty an d keep that customer attached to a particular business. Through customers, a business can improve its business as said by Bill Gates Your most unhappy customers are your greatest source of learning. Customer complains in fact is a key to improve the service, for instance, if a customer complains that the way coffee served was not pleasant and did not met the expectation, that complain can be used as a tool to improve the coffee serving process through further training workshops for employees in that area. Thus, customers complain can be seen as a challenge to be met in future to make him/her (customer) happy and attracted to the cafe. If you treat your customers well, your customers will go out of their way to return to you. Therefore, customer feedback and suggestion can help improve a service. However, the cafà © may not have answers or response for all of customer questions and suggestions. Customers could help or hurt the cafe through viral marketing. Word of mouth marketing is the largest determining factor for a service business image, which can be either online chatting or physical talk. If the service in cafà © is up to the expectation of the customer, it would help the cafà © to attract more customers through viral marketing and gain market share. However, if the products and service in cafà © is very poor which made the customer unhappy can spread negative impression on other customers, hurting the company through losing its current and potential customers. Moreover, online comment or complain on the cafes website can be injurious such as comment on You Tube. Literally, the customer does not intend to harm or hurt the company; they just want their needs to be fulfilled and service is up to their expectation. As already mentioned customer complains can provide an opportunity, thereby, helping the cafà © to improve its service. My employees will agree that customers are the most important part of cafe since thats the reason they are in cafe. If there wouldnt be any customer, there wouldnt be need for employees. Thus, customers determine or secure the period of employment of the employee. If there are fewer customers, employees may be laid off to cut down costs. However, some employees may feel that they are the most important part in a business. Employees are the most important asset of any business. If cafà © doesnt value its staff, it would demoralize them which can impact their performance in service. And as a result, their poor performance can hinder customer growth of cafà ©. Thus, some employees value themselves as the most valuable person in a business when compared to customers. MAKING BUSINESS DECISION I Virtual world is a 3D, electronically-generated environment where users can interact, create and communicate just as they would in the real world for example, second life (http://ictwm.org/news/virtual-worlds-help-real-businesses). Virtual world provides people with experiences rather than processing transaction. Once people get attached to virtual experience, they would be excited about experiencing it in real life. This would only be possible through going to the real cafà © which would help the business in transaction processing. It also aids in mass customization as customers design or suggest what they exactly want. Virtual world encourage interaction, collaboration and communication. It can be accessed from anywhere in the world, thus, keeping people and cafà © connected. If cafà © provides continuous updates in virtual world, people nearby the cafà © would go for new and innovative products in that cafà © just because of that cafes presence in virtual world which would enhance the business/cafà © operations. It could also be a marketing tool for the cafe to promote its menus for the day through frequently changing attractive ads in the virtual world. Customer relationship in virtual world is very delicate matters since one does not physically meet to create impression. Virtual world should be designed in such a way that it is appealing and attractive to a customer. In virtual world, cafe business would be better able to meet customer satisfaction with minimum or no cost by changing designs to strengthen virtual customer relationship. Customer wont need to wait in long lines to be served, one can just go to the cafes website and get the taste of coffee or of service in that cafà ©. Virtual world does not restrict the access to any person; any person can access to the website to have a taste. In other words, there is a greater reach and contact to maintain strong customer relationship. Cafà © can be always available to its customer through virtual world without any disruption. Customers would be in a position to demand what they want based on their own specification. This makes the customer feel like king through providing their customized products and enhancing better customer relationship. In traditional customer relationship management strategies, there has been lack of customer experience, co-creation, co-production and collaboration with customers. Thus, our strategy to manage customer in new virtual world is through co-creation and co-production with customers. Co-creation and co-production with customers is different than traditional customer-centric approaches in that the focus is not to learn as much as possible about customers but instead consider them as equal problem solvers (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5858/is_200711/ai_n32252899/pg_2/). Giving customers an important role in the value chain can affect customer satisfaction. Value in co-creation derived by customers purposeful interaction cannot be obtained merely from asking the customers to answer questions and leave comments. Virtual worlds may provide an experience space that supports experience networks which go beyond the domain of a single company and its suppliers to one that is experience -centric to the customers. (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5858/is_200711/ai_n32252899/pg_3) Moreover, since there is a growing use of internet, it would be easier for company to collaborate with its customers through electronic CRM. Electronic CRM has a wider scope for managing customer relationship in a variety of ways and not just collaboration ranging from designing and pricing of digital products to loyalty programs. Supporting Second Life customers differs from supporting website customers as well as traditional customers. In second life, cafà © can design and create those products and services that a particular customer wants. It allows basically for customization as well as reaching out to customers for ideas, prototyping and feedback in a particular area giving cafà © a better competitive advantage. This means that customer support in second life would need to be met in real time especially to a customers demand. Second life is basically everything being electronic whereas traditional revolves around physical presence. Moreover, collaboration between customers and company is a major support in second life unlike traditional customers. Website supports customers with visitor information and product review. It does not allow a customer to get the feeling of being in cafà ©. However, second life gives a customer a virtual feel of being part of that cafà © in addition to visitor information. To make the experience of a virtual world customer great, second life location should offer free virtual coff ee, music, and chairs with tables for customers to hang out. In the traditional (physical) environment, the cafà © needed to be closed off at a particular time, even though customers were involved in deep discussion. This does not happen in second life. Second life supports customers to continue with whatever they are doing in the virtual cafà © without any time limit and can chat as late as they want. Furthermore, upcoming events, artwork and music should be available to customers visiting second life so that it becomes interesting and encourages them to explore the site. Another difference between traditional and second life customer support is in terms of advertising. In past, business would use advertising agency to promote their products but now the cafà © can do in house advertising in virtual world attracting wider range of customers all round the world. Second life does not provide authentication of a persons identity. There is no access control and anyone can easily get into the second life and if there is any confidential information for customers only, that can be easily leaked and used to the disadvantage of the business, that is, the cafà ©. Moreover, phishing can easily take place whereby an intruder who is against the cafà © business can create a website similar to the cafà © site and trick the customers into inputting confidential data. This confidential information can be used as a tool to harm the image of the cafà © through missing the customers information which would tremendously impact on the cafà © business. Similarly, misrepresentation can be another issue just like phishing, whereby someone designs an avatar that looks just like the avatar of a customer service representative. Other issue involves the obsolesce of real life location. Since people get attached to second life, they dont go or visit the real life cafà ©. Second life cafà © can be visited by anyone but real world cafà © may not be. People in a region would only be visiting the cafà © and if those limited people get attached to second life cafà ©, there wont be much importance of real life cafà ©. Thus, issue arises that second life should be positioned and designed in such a way that real life cafà © does not get obsolete and people remain attracted to it as well to have real currency flow in business. Due to lack of authentication, privacy concerns arise. Maintaining customer confidentiality becomes an ethical issue and a challenge for businesses. MAKING BUSINESS DECISION II You Tube can be an important vehicle to communicate with the cafes customers. It is a popular free video sharing website where people can also comment on a particular video. We would design and create video clips of the cafes products and the way service is provided in cafà © and then share it on You Tube, using cartoon characters and other imaginary characters making the clip funny, interesting and informative. Through these clips, we can conveniently show our customers how we have minimized the problem of long wait lines. Firstly, we would make clips showing more counters for serving as well as drive in windows. Long wait lines are basically because of few or only one counter, thus showing a clip with more counters can be seen as a reasonable rectification to the problem. Moreover, for travelers who want to be served instantly while in their vehicle, drive in windows would be a solution to avoid waiting in lines when in rush as in case of McDonalds in Fiji. Clip can show a custome r ordering and being served in just few seconds through drive in windows. Furthermore, online ordering and tele-ordering can also be a rectification to long waiting lines. Through virtual world or cafes website, customers can order online as well as through phone calls before actually going to cafà © so that on their arrival, their order is prepared and no waiting is required. These solutions can be depicted on You Tube through videos using animated characters. You Tube as a communication vehicle, is free and easy to use. Unlike advertising over television, which is associated with costs, You Tube provides this for free whereby anyone can watch the videos and pass comments about how they feel about that particular video. As already said, it saves money on marketing since advertising can be done through clips to promote the cafà ©. You Tube has a wider reach in terms of customers and markets. It is not restricted to a particular geographical region or location. Customers all around the world and in different market can get access to You Tube and learn about the cafà ©. Also through You Tube, cafà © can get a great deal of information to many people in a short amount of time just through one clip. These benefits show that You Tube can be an efficient communication vehicle for any business whether it be cafà © or a car dealer. However, there are various disadvantages for You Tube as well. Since it can be viewed by anyone in the world, it may capture unwanted attention, for instance, is a person does not love coffee, he/she may not like the clip based on coffee and would comment negatively which would create bad impression to other customers. You Tube also in some cases compresses the content of clips and other files, making it unappealing to customers as its not presented in the right way intended and information can be chopped in that compression. Products may not be clear to customers, thus, proper communication of that product such as coffee maybe hindered. Also due to missing information or half information, it could become difficult to understand what the file tries to reveal to customers. Issues of privacy concern and copyright infringement can be cons of You Tube. Privacy can be made vulnerable as amount of information on video can be dangerous such as unintentionally showing where an employee lives or showing someones bio-data while promoting the product or service. Therefore, before starting to use You Tube as a medium of communication vehicle, one must clearly study the pros and cons of it to see whether benefits are there or not. Other new technologies that can be used as a customer communication vehicle that would be more effective than You Tube are social networking sites such as twitter and facebook. It allows more than just posting video. One can post comments, pictures, update information and create events on it. Twitter and facebook help bringing customers together. With help of twitter, cafe can send an alert about new deals or offers in the cafà ©. Blogging can also be a publishing medium. If a customer complements the cafes service or the products and food in cafà © in his blog, it would be a free advertising for the cafà ©. But can also harm the image if blogger comments in a negative way. APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE To obtain high quality data, systems in the cafà © must be integrated, since quality information does make a difference in any business. Major importance of quality information is that it induces enhanced, accurate and appropriate decision making. The quality of information used to make business decision determines the quality of decision made. Having real time system in cafà © would provide real time information in response to decision makers queries and requests. High quality decisions can significantly impact the cafes bottom line, thus, profitability. For instance, having integrated and real time system, cafà © can provide what customer wants in an instance which would meet customer satisfaction, thus, improve profitability. Moreover, high quality information enables any business to track valuable customers who generate most revenues. Having proper information about a particular customer visiting cafà © frequently can help cafà © identify the loyal customer and could reward him or her so that they keep coming in future. Uses can place confidence on information of high quality since it is reliable. For instance, if cafà © post on its website information generated from its systems, customers could be easily in a position to rely on it. On the other hand, low quality information results in various business effects. Low quality information are those which has missing information example no first name of customer, incomplete information example no street or missing area code, probable duplicate information such as similar name, same address or phone number and potentially wrong information. The effects of this on cafes business would be its inability to accurately track customers, difficulty identifying valuable customers, inability to identify selling opportunities of cafes product, marketing to non-existent customers, difficulty tracking revenue and inability to build strong customer relationship (net: slides). Low quality information would hinder cafà © to follow up with its profitable customers who frequently such as daily visit cafà © since there may be name confusion. Also if systems are not integrated, it becomes difficult to provide accurately what customer wants and may lead to providing wrong products. Thi s will affect the demand and supply of a particular product which would not be reliable. Also cafà © may be marketing and promoting its cafà © and product to a non-existent customer online due to fake or same names who are not cafes usual customers. Overall, low quality information vigorously degrades the decision making quality in managing a customer and the cafà ©. The examples of information that can be used by The Broadway Cafà © to gain better understanding of its customers are customers taste and preferences. If the cafà © gets a picture of what their current and potential customers would like to consume, cafà © can be prepared for the product and provide the customer that product when they actually came and demand. Moreover, having a brief idea about the customers disposable income would help understand the affordability of prices by customers. This would give the cafà © a view as to what prices customers would be willing to pay for the cafes products such as coffee. Changes in environment and weather would also help in getting to know the customers and their wants, for instance, coffee would be largely demanded during colder seasons in Fiji. Some of the data quality issues are as follows. Firstly, dirty data issues due to data errors which can be attributed to human errors or an application error due to legacy systems. Since theres a large quantity of data to be fed in the system, humans are prone to make errors. Missing and duplicate data are other two issues (Turban, E., and Volonino, L., 2009). The cafà © lacks in proper management of its data which can lead the data to be easily lost as well as to be entered twice. This could really affect the output results thus affecting decision making. Moreover, data can be non-standardized and massed up due to lack of standards. The strategies the company can use to avoid such data quality issues are to implement Master Data Management system. It is comprises a set of processes and tools that consistently defines and manages the non-transactional data entities of an organization. MDM has the objective of providing processes for collecting, aggregating, matching, consolidating, quality-assuring, persisting and distributing such data throughout an organization to ensure consistency and control in the ongoing maintenance and application use of this information. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_data_management) MDM would reduce or eliminate the data quality issues, giving a unified view of enterprise data. It can also use automated data entry, Web forms for individual entering data with data integrity checks and drop down menus and radio buttons. (Turban, E., and Volonino, L., 2009) having frequent data audits in the system can also aid in preventing the above mentioned issues since data would be continuously reviewed and any errors would be detected and corrected appropriately without further problems in future. CAFES BEST CUSTOMERS** Customer ID Total Sales Amount ($) 3548 18,261.86 4438 26,474.28 5657 11,342.98 6891 10,585.94 13801 33,555.50 13959 19,593.65 270177 14,355.99 294896 11,348.40 305668 49,647.45 540135 16,338.02 1309948 11,401.60 ** We have assumed that the cafes best customers are the ones that bring in sales amount dollars of more than $10000. Listed above are the cafes best customers. The cafà © should offer to its valuable customers loyalty marketing programs such as point programs whereby a customer would get points for every purchase they make and when they reach a certain level and collected enough points, will get a special reward such as Jacks of Fiji which is using this marketing system to keep their loyal customers attached. Moreover, the cafà © can give its valuable customers loyalty cards as MH in Fiji is dong with its flash and gain card. Providing customers with promotional vouchers would also give them a feeling of appreciation for their service. Keeping in touch strategy can also be a way of marketing campaign towards valuable customers. Giving personal attention towards the profitable customers is a way to build relationship and keep them in your business. This can be done by sending them promotional messages personally through email or calls frequently and asking for their feedbacks as to what they would like in future and their expectation from cafà ©. Broadway Cafe Question Name Total What is the best selling product? Music CD $776,813.17 What is the worst selling product? Kids CD $96 What is the best sales month? 3 $569,339.10 What is the worst sales month? 5 $58,501.06 What is the best selling product during the best month? Music CD $235,054.45 What is the worst selling product during the best month? Kids CD $64 What is the best selling product during the worst month? Music CD $33,684.43 What is the worst selling product during the worst month? Food $63.2 * For answering the above questions, we have taken our base as sales amount values to reach an answer. SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT BUSINESS DILEMMA Broadway Cafà © can reinvent the cafà © by making use of demand planning software. This software would enable the cafà © to be prepared in peak hours of business since it would capture and give information as and when a customer enters either the cafà © or the car park of the cafà ©. For instance, as part of software set, a camera can be attached at the roof of the cafà © to capture information on people entering the car park and determine what they would normally order at that particular time of the day. Also, it would allow the cafà © to keep track of its regular customers and their demands, thus, have the items available for them without having them wait in lines. This can be done before a customer enters the cafà ©. The software would also enable in ensuring whether the cafà © has enough of the products that that would be demanded by the customer such as a particular type of coffee. Although the implementation of such a software would be costly at its initial stage, it w ould be beneficial for cafà © in future as it is located in Suva, to obtain customer satisfaction and where people are always in rush. Thus, demand planning software would be a great benefit for the cafà ©. Like Netflix, we would not see cafà © becoming a supplier in another business supply such as hotel industry since our cafà © itself is very small at this stage. First, it needs to widen its customer base with the help of demand planning software and online ordering system (electronic ordering). Since our cafà © has a website, we could include in that a feature where customers order online, paying through credit cards or paying subscription fee for being in that account. The cafà © can based on customers order deliver the items to the customer within the Suva area if large quantities are ordered such as Pizza King which delivers pizza to people living in urban and suburban areas. Moreover, a customer would also order online so that before their arrival in cafà ©, the items are prepared for them before hand such as coffee. Thus, innovating ordering system would also attract more customers in the cafà ©. With the help of these supply chain technologies, the cafà © can expand its customer base and from there on can think bigger and better options such as becoming supplier of coffee/coffee beans to hotels or other businesses such as MacDonald. MAKING BUSINESS DECISION I The success of any business depends on its ability of short and long term planning. As a concerned business operator, I would always maintain some inventory in my warehouse for such unexpected events especially coffee beans which are in demand. Since not being able to meet customer demand would lead to losing out customers. Thus, our cafà © would keep with its operation regardless of disruption in supply chain du to dockworkers strike and would run on warehouse inventory (Brazil Beans, China Tea and custom Coffee press machines). Moreover, based on available inventory analysis in the warehouse, we would determine how long supply would last. Is our warehouse inventory wouldnt be able to meet up with the disruption period, we would resort to redundant suppliers since all suppliers wont be affected at once with the same problem. We would consider our temporary local suppliers such as Nestle to supply us with similar products as long as we are able to operate efficiently, although the cost in emergency need may be higher than usual price paid to our fixed suppliers. Since the cafà © has been going towards demand-driven manufacturing, Radio Frequency Identification Technologies (RFIT) would be the newest and most efficient solution to supply chain problems. RFIT is the most valuable technology to track inventory. If inventory level in any case would be low, it would trigger automatic alert to our suppliers. It is an important device in global transportation both land and sea. It ensures that inventory level are checked and replenished on need by need basis. Although this strategy would be bit costly for the cafà © in the initial stage at present, it would provide benefits in the future. Another strategy I would recommend is to create a position as freight specialist whose job would be to enable transportation of products in whatever the situation maybe and at any cost. The freight specialist would guarantee that products would reach the cafà © on time to meet customer demand and if not than they would be responsible for the loss. MAKING BUSINESS DECISION II Broadway cafà © No move Broadway Cafà © Units sold per month: 20,000 Unit variable costs: $0.50 Average unit sales price: $2.20 Current fixed costs: $5,000 Added lease payment, new offices: $2,500 Projected fixed costs: $7,500 Sales month Units Sales Fixed Costs Variable Costs EBIT January 6,582 $14,480 $5,000 $3,291 $6,189 February 11,121 $24,466 $5,000 $5,561 $13,906 March 14,178 $31,192 $5,000 $7,089 $19,103 April 13,692 $30,122 $5,000 $6,846 $18,276 May 11,597 $25,513 $5,000 $5,799 $14,715 June 9,599 $21,118 $5,000 $4,800 $11,318 July 9,913 $21,809 $5,000 $4,957 $11,852 August 10,926 $24,037 $5,000 $5,463 $13,574 September 14,349 $31,568 $5,000 $7,175 $19,393 October 12,965 $28,523 $5,000 $6,483 $17,041 November 6,972 $15,338 $5,000 $3,486 $6,852 December 2,455 $5,401 $5,000 $1,228 ($827) Sum $151,393 Broadway cafà © Move Broadway Cafà © Units sold per month: 20,000 Unit variable costs: $0.30 Average unit sales price: $2.20 Projected fixed costs: $7,500 Sales month Units Sales Fixed Costs Variable Costs EBIT January 6,582 $14,480 $7,500 $1,975 $5,006 February 11,121 $24,466 $7,500 $3,336 $13,630 March 14,178 $31,192 $7,500 $4,253 $19,438 April 13,692 $30,122 $7,500 $4,108 $18,515 May 11,597 $25,513 $7,500 $3,479 $14,534 June 9,599 $21,118 $7,500 $2,880 $10,738 July 9,913 $21,809 $7,500 $2,974 $11,335 August 10,926 $24,037 $7,500 $3,278 $13,259 September 14,349 $31,568 $7,500 $4,305 $19,763 October 12,965 $28,523 $7,500 $3,890 $17,134 November 6,972 $15,338 $7,500 $2,092 $5,747 December 2,455 $5,401 $7,500 $737 ($2,836) Sum: $146,263 APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE Broadway Cafà © Shipping Analysis Number to ship from DC to Roasting Plants: DCs Total Salt Lake Chicago Albeq <

Phiestria: The Unseen Killer :: essays research papers

Phiesteria: The Unseen Killer An incredibly scary new type of algae is on the loose on the eastern seaboard of the United States and worst of all not many people know about it. Phiesteria piscicida- Latin for â€Å"fish killer† has been living in the mud of rivers for millions of years, but until recently something has jolted its metabolism into overdrive and has caused it to become a fearsome predator. This newly discovered type of dinoflagellate or marine protozoa, which generally has two flagella and cellulose covering, has been living off simple nutrients in the river waters of primarily North Carolina, until now that is. Near the Neuse River in NC, there is a slaughterhouse for pigs and chickens; all of the waste from the pigs is stored in massive lagoons where it is later sprayed onto crops as fertilizer. Unfortunately, a lot of this raw sewage ends up in streams that flow into the Neuse, which in turn enters the Pamlico Sound, a 2,000-mile long estuary in NC. This ultimately brings an immense amount of nutrients to the water thus causing the Phiesteria to shape-shift and enter a state of lethal attack on everything from fish to human. The Center for Disease Control has yet to do anything about this at all, which may be the scariest fact so far. I learned about this ecological disaster while reading my newest edition (October 2001) of Maxim. As I was flipping through my new magazine I saw a horrifying picture of a fish; it looked as though something took a bite out of its neck. Interested, I continued to read, â€Å"The Coming Plague† by Jeff Wise. Basically, Maxim exposes the entire path of this deadly modern-day epidemic starting in 1987, when a veterinary graduate student at North Carolina State University, named Stephen Smith, originally found Phiesteria. Further into the article it tells about Phiesteria moving north into parts of Maryland and even going south as far as 1,000-miles to the coast of Florida and how not enough action is being done to stop this deadly organism. The entire article is broken down into segmented stories of individual peoples fight with Phiesteria. I felt this article gave a great amount of information and helped to explain all of Phiesteria’s facts. One of the most amazing things I learned while reading this article is that the organism can infect humans even if they don’t come in direct contact with them, in fact, all we have to do is breath the air that is within a close proximity to where the organism is living.

A look at Starbucks’ marketing strategy Essay

We have no patent on anything we do and anything we do can be copied by anyone else. But you can’t copy the heart and the soul and the conscience of the company† – Howard Schultz, CEO of Starbucks Coffee. This quote from Schultz could be the â€Å"magic† that has separated Starbucks from the every other coffee shop; an attitude of marketing which is inspired by the company’s commitment. The successful marketing strategies which Starbucks employs are definitely of interest to anyone interested in business marketing can learn about. Serving coffee is a common part of any restaurant business, but a successful marketing mix will cause a common product to become uncommon and unique to the consumer. A marketing strategy for a company requires commitment from the company with all departments and employees working together towards the same goal. This should be a philosophy which is applied to the entire organization, not simply an idea that is applied to the marketing department. The two main functions of the marketing strategy are to identify the target market, and develop a successful marketing mix for that target market. Within the marketing mix are four essential components: product, place, promotion, and price. Starbucks Coffee Company has developed a marketing mix which has proven to be exceptionally successful for over 40 years. Starbucks opened in 1971 by owners who developed a passion for dark roast coffee, and that was basically the main product that was sold in the stores. After about a decade of selling coffee beans, the owners allowed Howard Schultz to join the company as the firm’s Director of Retail Operations and Marketing. While on a trip to Italy, Schultz came across the Italian â€Å"coffee culture† which intrigued his interest; a cafà © where people would gather, socialize and spend time in leisure. Schultz believed this â€Å"coffee culture† could be replicated in the United States serving the Starbucks brand of dark roasted coffee and adding espresso drinks to the menu. This concept was rejected by the founders of Starbucks, and eventually  Schultz bought the company, and proceeded to build it into the largest retail coffee shop chain in the world. The product line of coffee was expanded to include espresso drinks such as lattes and cappuccinos; and as the company grew, the drink choices also grew to meet the consumer’s needs. Starbucks is known for having store locations everywhere in the world; even to the point of shops across the street from one another. Beginning in neighborhoods or in rural areas, and expanding to high traffic areas such as New York City; a Starbucks Coffee Shop may be found in or very near any city in the United States. Within the â€Å"place† of the marketing mix, one considers the type of stores as important as the location. The majority of Americans have two main â€Å"places† where time is spent, either at work or at home. With Schultz’s vision of the coffee shops that inspire the customers to consider Starbucks his or her â€Å"third place†, all of the shops have the brand of ease and comfort. Designed to be cozy and comfortable, the store decor of every shop is similar, if not identical: big easy chairs and sofas, tables for customers to gather at, high top counters with plenty of electrical outlets for those who take advantage of the free internet, and music playing which adds to the ambiance. Some locations actually have a burning fireplace to warm the atmosphere during the winter months. It is very rare for one to see a promotional advertisement for Starbucks Coffee in a magazine, newspaper, billboard, television commercial, or any other typical advertising campaign. Starbucks used the marketing strategy of â€Å"word-of-mouth† advertising; allowing the high quality of products and the legendary service promote the brand. This tactic has played a huge part in making Starbucks Coffee Company a success. The front line Barista (coffee artist) has been trained not only to prepare specialty coffee drinks, but to include the art of providing â€Å"legendary service† to the customer. This strategy includes promotion of personalized service by learning customer’s names, specific drink preferences, customer’s occupations, and often personal information concerning the customer’s family  and life events. In the beginning, the company’s mission statement was: â€Å"To establish Starbucks as the premier purveyor of the finest coffee in the world while maintaining our uncompromising principles as we grow.† Now, Starbucks has added to the mission statement: â€Å"To inspire and nurture the human spirit – One person, One cup, and One Neighborhood at a time.† With all employees working with the company’s mission in mind, the brand is promoted on a daily basis. In no way, shape, or form has Starbucks offered a competitive pricing for the products sold in the stores. One may consider the â€Å"experience† of the Starbucks brand to be included in the price of the products. As stated above, with all front line Baristas working with the company’s mission statement as a guideline, the consumer is purchasing a cup of coffee with the experience of personalized legendary service. While the descriptions of Starbucks Coffee Company’s marketing mix did not include the target marketing objective, Starbucks’ target market includes anyone who is willing to pay a premium price for the â€Å"Starbucks Experience.† This decision was made with extensive strategic planning, and with the knowledge that using a unique marketing program such as this was a huge risk in being successful. A good summary about the marketing success of Starbucks is this quote by Howard Schultz, CEO of Starbucks: We establish the value of buying a product at Starbucks by our uncompromising quality and by building a personal relationship with each customer. The marketing mix that Starbucks Coffee Company developed is unique, unconventional, somewhat risky, but most importantly, extremely successful for over 40 years.

How to write a case study for a bid - Emphasis

How to write a case study for a bid How to write a case study for a bid Most of a bid is dedicated to projecting the future – how you will help your prospect if youre chosen to work with them. In contrast, a case study lets you base your argument on something more concrete – what youve proven you can do in the past. And few things establish your reputation more effectively than reliable, relevant information about your past actions. Think of a boxer being announced with the record of their previous matches. An introduction like 38 wins, ten by knockout leaves a big impression in very little time. But to make a case study as persuasive as possible, you cant just describe what you did. You need to show off your organisations strengths and achievements in a way that will resonate with your prospect. This article will show you how. How to begin writing a case study The best way to get started is to get your research and planning done before you begin. Itll make the writing process much more straightforward. Getting relevant information about your previous client is key. If youre not client facing yourself, its a good idea to talk to someone who is (eg someone in sales or account management). Ask them why the previous client liked the work you did. If they liked it, theres a good chance it will resonate with your new prospect, too (as long as youve picked a suitably similar organisation for your case study). Your client-facing colleagues should also have access to the relevant facts and figures that illustrate the benefits of the work. Basic information to include Make sure to give your case study a specific title, such as Training 100 people in technical writing at HP. This immediately gives your readers an idea of what youve done before, even if they dont go on to read the rest of the case study. After the title, give basic information such as the name of the contract, whom it was for, what it delivered, its value and when you did the work. (You can set this out as a list.) And if youre using the case study as a reference – as some PQQs (pre-qualification questionnaires) require – then include some contact details for the previous client. (Obviously always ask permission of your previous client before you name them as a referee.) Giving your case study a logical structure There are lots of ways of structuring a case study. And, of course, if youre writing to a short word count, or to a particular bid or tender template, youll have to adapt to that. That said, a common and logical structure is to explain how you helped a client, step by step (if youre a regular reader, you may notice this is similar to the best structure for executive summaries). Begin with a short, factual background. Dont put too much detail here. You just need to make sure your prospect understands the basics of what you were doing. Include information like whom you worked for, and what the contract was for. Outlining the problems Then you can talk about any particular challenges or problems that your previous client had. This is where you can really emphasise the similarities between your previous client and your current prospect. With the problems sketched out, youre well placed to talk about the actions you took to solve those problems. Many case studies fall down at this point, because they become just a description of facts. But to make your case study stand out, you need to show what benefits your work had for your previous client. Remember to spell out these benefits. Did your previous client become more efficient because of your work? If so, how much time did they save? Or were you able to make them more profitable? If so, how much more profitable and over what amount of time? Which benefits you need to detail will depend on the sector and the kind of work youre doing. But the main thing to keep in mind is that you do need to highlight the benefits of your work and provide good evidence to support them. Finally, there are some other things you can include to make your case study really stand out. A good testimonial quote from your previous client can make your case study seem much more authentic (again, ask permission to use this). You can also consider using a particularly compelling graphic or image if it illustrates a key benefit of your work with your previous client. Things to avoid Try to avoid writing case studies at the last minute. It can take time to put all the relevant information together – and that may not be time you have when youre actively writing to a deadline. Be careful as well about putting in too much irrelevant detail (this is all too common). Youve got to ask why your prospect would care about whatever it is youre telling them. Do they really need to know when you first responded to the ITT or RFP? Or how many of your staff worked on part of the project? When you have detail youre sure will be relevant to your prospect, use it. Avoid being vague. Dont write general statements like, We dramatically improved conversion rate on PPC campaigns and boosted sales. Instead say, We increased conversion rate on PPC campaigns by 50 per cent – while reducing the overall ad spend by 10 per cent. This resulted in over  £10,000 in net profit for our client. (You may also want to highlight these key benefits by setting them out in bullet points.) Showing your strengths Above all, remember that the person reading the case study is trying to find evidence that youre the best organisation for the job. Make it as easy as possible for them to do this. If you keep the reader in mind throughout your writing, youll be much more likely to write a case study that resonates with them. And that could be the extra nudge you need to win them over. If youd like to improve your own case studies – and the proposal they accompany – have a look at our bid, tender and sales proposal writing courses for teams and for individuals. Image credit: ArtFamily / Shutterstock

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Maggie Fox writing for NBC News wrote that, if health care was banking it would take days to withdraw money from an ATM because records would be misplaced and if it were airline pilots would have to depend on their own intuitions to dictate which safety checks to carry out (Fox, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Well, not too harsh an assessment considering the mess that currently bedevils our health care system. As a matter of fact, the rain has not just started beating us now; the US health care system was declared broken and requiring fixing more than a decade ago. This underscores the recent spate of actions in terms of policy legislation that we are still yet to all agree on. That aside, there are serious issues with our health care system. Issues of priority such as access in terms of the uninsured, quality and cost in that ord er are the three most important things in a health care system (Nyman, 2003). I will highlight and discuss in detail each of the three in this paper. It is quite unfortunate that in the US the most developed economy in the world today access to health care is right now an issue yet to be addressed fully. Most recent statistics indicate that close to 40 million Americans in this day and era are uninsured and still have to struggle to meet their health care requirements (Squires, 2012). A few critics would argue that insurance and access cannot be taken as one since the uninsured could still walk into any health care facility and get medical attention at their own cost. However, this would be the narrowest thinking to look at this issue.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With the ever escalating costs, upsurge of chronic diseases requiring complex and costly medical routi nes to prevent and cure, one can never go wrong in arguing that health insurance is an essential part of care access. Any sound and viable plan for the future to fix our health care system therefore must arise to this fact and promise to offer universal coverage that guarantees every American citizen right to basic health plan of their choice. Secondly, quality is an important aspect of a sound health care system. According to OECD health data database 2011, despite high health care costs and spending as well quality indicators of health in the US reflect variable performance and notably not any superior in comparison with other far less expensive systems of other countries in the study (Squires, 2012). Even though the US is notably rated among the best countries with the highest survival rates for certain chronic ailments in some other chronic diseases the same trend is not consistent with poor showing and in some instances below average performance. Given that in some of these chr onic conditions that the US records a poor showing make up and indeed constitute an increasing share of the disease burden casts doubts as to the quality of care accorded by our current system. Thirdly but not least is the cost of health care. With nearly $8,000 average spending on health per capita according to statistics carried out in 2009, the cost of health care in the US is arguably the most expensive in the world (Squires, 2012). This is in comparison with countries such as Japan and New Zealand spending one-third of that and Switzerland and Norway that spends about two-thirds of same. In fact if the trend is anything to go by, the US average per capita spending on health care continue to grow highest than any other economy (Squires, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More We need a health care system that can address these both in terms of reversing the unsustainable trend of escalating health associated costs and also reduce the current recorded spending on health care. It is important to note the Affordable Care Act of 2010 cognizant of each of the three major issues highlighted above was designed with specific attention to address them. Firstly with respect to access, the Act proposes universal health insurance coverage for all that would guarantee every citizen to a basic health plan of their choice effectively doing away with previously income-related payments that uninsured would have received. In addition, the ACA envisages an electronic medical record to store patients’ records and allows physicians via a tight security protocols this information effectively simplifying the health care system that hitherto preapproval requirement by authorities to gain access to this information. This measure also addresses the issue of quality of health care as both the physician and the patient can be able t o trend the medical history. Effectively patients would be able to demand quality care and physicians afraid to taint their careers offer better services. Having addressed both access and quality the issue of cost comes in automatically through improved system efficiencies and use of preventive rather than curative measures (Santerre Neun, 2013). In conclusion it will be interesting to see how the plan works given it will be difficult to eliminate the unnecessary services currently offered which compounds the cost of health care as well as the huge administrative challenges.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the downside, the plan as some critics point out are the unintended consequences in terms of tax burden which not until the current costs are brought down is a concern to many. On the upward side though, is an ambitious plan which if it works could lift up the welfare of all Americans and be a major reprieve of our ailing health care system. References Fox, M. (2012). US health care: Its officially a mess, institute says. Web. Nyman, J. A. (2003). The Theory of Demand for Health Insurance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Santerre, R. E. and Neun, S. P. (2013). Health Economics: Theories, Insights, and Industry Studies, 6th Edition, Mason, OH: South-Western. Squires, D. A. (2012). Explaining High Health Care Spending in the United States: An International Comparison of Supply, Utilization, Prices, and Quality. Commonwealth Fund pub. 1595, Vol. 10.

Power of will and choice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Power of will and choice - Research Paper Example Among many other works of literature we have studied are ‘the hunger games’ by Suzanne and ‘twilight’ by Myer which are all topical and hence the following analysis. Books of literature are normally written to communicate certain topics as shown and the two books are no exception. This paper therefore intends to analyze the thematic representations these two books as they are written in the contemporary US environment. Our analysis revolves around the theme of power in choice as presented within the two books. Power dynamics within the ‘hunger games’ is seen through the eyes of two young persons engaged in the games which are conducted annually with a motive of selecting the district to which food aid would be advanced. The plotting of the story covers the disparity in power between formerly thirteen districts but currently twelve and the capitol, which ideally represents power (Collins, 3-18). The capital district capitol represents the source of power or influence and which is depicted to rule over the rest of the districts. Poverty, hunger and general misery is shown to dominate the twelve districts while great wealth and technological advancement is what characterizes the capitol district. As a way of executing the power, the capitol district invents a mechanism through which food and such other humanitarian aid would be advanced to the rest of the districts through the hunger games, which are conducted annually. Every district therefore selects young representatives who would participate in fighting contests and the winner defines the district, which will receive the food aid over the year. The capitol district is therefore shown to have the capacity and power to advance food aid to the rest of the districts at will though this is not the case. The program to involve the districts in the hunger games is shown through the literature to be informed by the selfish ambitions of the power district to rule through oppressio n. Totalitarian governance in the country is the main thematic depiction of the book, which shows how capitol adopts the games in order to punish the twelve districts because of rebellion in the past, which lead to destruction of the thirteen districts. Besides, the fights, which are televised, serve as entertainment to the capitol while at the same time conveying the message of capitol’s power as well as lack of remorse towards the twelve districts. In fact, this is therefore a clear depiction of power influence and the theme of wrong choices as contrasted with good choices. To begin with, the adoption of such annual games has historically been developed from the fateful rebellion, which led to total destruction of the thirteenth district after all the districts within the country chose to revolt against capitol and its rule. Choice was therefore involved in the decision and the capitol district equally chose to retract through so much power that led to total destruction of one of the districts. Besides, out of choice, the capitol district and its power devised the games, which involve young adults who are selected through lottery to participate. Besides the games being entertaining to the capitol dwellers, they serve as memorial to the power of the capitol district as well as the capitols lack of remorse. It is therefore worth noting that capitol had the capacity to help other districts without engaging them into such deadly wars and rule effectively through equal regard to all persons. This is not however the case as revealed through the mechanisms adopted to exert authority towards the natives of the rest of the d

Organisation Management System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Organisation Management System - Essay Example Researchers have tried to increase understanding of why new mobile payment technologies are adopted by focusing on either the payee or the payer, which potentially yield a limited understanding of the payer-payee context. I have scrutinised over 50 academic journals in the area of social psychology, technology adoption and mobile payments to retrieve a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. To this I have identified the Theory of Reasoned Action, the Theory of Planned Behaviour, the Technology Acceptance Model, The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, the Task-Technology Fit model and the Diffusion of Innovations as centrepieces in the academic literature. Founded on these the evolution of the concept has been on-going where several antecedents have been identified to either facilitate or impede the adoption of mobile payment technologies. Different attempts have been made to conceptualise these complexities, however none incorporate a comprehensive understanding of the antecedents of adoption of mobile payment technologies identified in the mobile payment literature with both a payer and payee centric approach which comprehends the payer-payee context. Acknowledging this, I have integrated a framework founded upon social psychology rationales, technology adoption theories and mobile payment literature to increase understanding of why new mobile payment technologies are adopted by payers and payees. Applying my framework to real-life cases I have found several interesting findings such as (1) payer and payee adoption is interrelated, (2) payee adoption is highly influenced by usefulness mediated through task-technology fit and especially the presence of expected functions, (3) payee adoption can be influenced by payer’s costs and the technologies’ consistency with payer’s lifestyle, (4) lack of ease of use is a barrier of adoption in contrast to ease of use as a driver of adoption. Most

History at Great Zimbabwe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History at Great Zimbabwe - Essay Example However, I should say, Beach's presentation of early civilization and how the Great Zimbabwe started in the 16th century dealt with deeper level of understanding. Based on the theories and studies, the author is stating that the Great Zimbabwe is politically static community showing generational dynastic activities. The Author used Huffman's archaeological study on Portuguese documents using the "Shona" as oral traditions and the Venda Anthropology to explain well the mysterious developments on Great Zimbabwe. These traditions were based on the early ruins of the civilization and the modern Shona cultures to clearly explain the connections, evidences and origins of how it started. Mutapa Oral Traditions were also brought up as the author believed that it is where state formation came from and manifested for three centuries giving details on different socio-political plans of the Great Zimbabwe. It was then also considering that Mutapas lived on the high house wherein seen to be the "rulers" of the early civilization. "Snakes" and "Birds" were cited by the author referring on different geographical representation of people within the community and the hierarchy of the so-called "rulers". Though, presented with inconsistencies on each arguments still "oral traditions" has been a reliable assumptions on Great Zimbabwe over the 600 years. "The Great Enclosure" was used to state the

Environmental Pollution Essay Example for Free

Environmental Pollution Essay Environmental pollution is one of the biggest problems the world faces today. It is an issue that troubles us economically, physically and everyday of our lives. The contamination of the environment is also being linked to some of the diseases that are around currently. Yet, most people do not know about this problem. This shows that environmental pollution is becoming an increasingly worse problem that needs to be taken care of as soon as possible, not only for the good of the environment but also for the people that live in it. Many factors are present for why environmental pollution has become such a large issue in the world. However, if the people of the world were to address the issue it would definitely help both the environment and its people. There are many activities that can be done by both the common citizen to the governments of the world, which could severally improve the worlds environmental problem. On the other hand, if the current way the worlds environmental problem is being handled continues, catastrophic consequences can follow for the future population. Over the years, environmental pollution has become more of a problem for a number of reasons. Due to the great increase in the worlds population, which is at 6.1 billion, energy use, and the number of vehicles on roads make air pollution a greater threat than ever  (Pollution, Environmental). Because of this, air pollution kills eight thousand people a year due to respiratory related problems  (Air Pollution Kills). Also, 40% of the worlds deaths are being attributed to environmental factors  (Segelken). With such a number of people dying a year due to air pollution one can see how much the environmental pollution is affecting us. This dilemma is only made worse due to the current means of disposing nuclear waste. Until 1993, Russia would resort to the dumping of its high and low level radioactive waste by dumping it into the Arctic seas and any other low-level waste into the Seas of Japan  (Nitze). Radiation from nuclear waste is known to cause a series of reactions in body tissue that results in damage to the bodies cells  (Daley). This can cause disease, such as cancer, injury, or death. The effects on the human body make the situation even worse for the people of the world. But, an even more common threat is the use of incinerators and landfills, for the reducing and disposal of waste. Using incinerators to reduce the volume of trash not only causes air pollution but also produces  toxic ash that must be disposed of in specially made landfills. Landfills themselves can pollute groundwater after heavy rain, which would then be drunk by the surrounding population.

Getting a job done Essay -- essays research papers

Getting a Job From I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings My room had all the cheeriness of a dungeon and the appeal of a tomb. It was going to be impossible to stay there, but leaving held no attraction for me, either†¦. The answer came to me with the suddenness of a collision. I would go to work. Mother wouldn’t be difficult to convince; after all, in school I was a year ahead of my grade and mother was a firm believer in self-sufficiency. In fact, she’d be pleased to think that I had that much gumption, that much of her in my character. (she liked to speak of herself as the original â€Å"do-it-yourself girl.†) Once I had settled on getting a job, all that remained was to decide which kind of job I was most fitted for. My intellectual pride had kept me from selecting typing, shorthand, or filing as subjects in school, so office work was ruled out. War plants and shipyards demanded birth certificates, and mine would reveal me to be fifteen, and ineligible for work. So the well-paying defense jobs were also out. Women had replaced men on the streetcars as conductors and motormen, and the thought of sailing up and down the hills of San Francisco in a dark-blue uniform, with a money changer at my belt, caught my fancy. Mother was as easy as I had anticipated. The world was moving so fast, so much money was being made, so many people were dying in Guam, and Germany, that hordes of strangers became good friends overnight. Life was cheap and death entirely free. How could she have the time to think about my academic career? To her question of what I planned to do, I replied that I would get a job on the streetcars. She rejected the proposal with: â€Å"they don’t accept colored people on streetcars.† I would like to claim an immediate fury which was followed by the noble determination to break the restricting tradition. But the truth is, my first reaction was one of disappointment. I’d pictured myself, dressed in a neat blue serge suit, my money changer swinging jauntily at my waist, and a cheery smile for the passengers which would make their own work day brighter. From disappointment, I gradually ascended the emotion ladder to haughty indignation, and finally to the state of stubbornness where the mind is blocked like the jaws of an enraged bulldog. I would go to work on the streetcars and wear a blue serge suit. Mother gave me her support with one of her usual terse asid... ...ouble when you pack double.† She stayed awake to drive me out to the car barn at four thirty in the mornings, or to pick me up when I was relieved just before dawn. Her awareness of life’s perils convinced her that while I would be safe on the public conveyances, she â€Å"wasn’t about to trust a taxi driver with her baby.† When the spring classes began, I resumed my commitment with formal education. I was so much wiser and older, so much more independent, with a bank account and clothes that I had bought for myself, that I was sure that I had learned and earned the magic formula which would make me a part of the gay life my contemporaries led. Not a bit of it. Within weeks, I realized that my schoolmates and I were on paths moving diametrically away from each other. They were concerned and excited over the approaching football games, but I had in my immediate past raced a car down a dark and foreign Mexican mountain. They concentrated great interest on who was worthy of being student body president, and when the metal bands would be removed from their teeth, while I remembered sleeping for a month in a wrecked automobile and conducting a streetcar in the uneven hours of the morning.

Artificial Intelligency

This paper illustrates the social implications of artificial intelligence as a part of Information technology. So the paper tries to investigate on the origin, evolution, types and purpose of artificial intelligence technology. In order to understand the technology of AI, the paper closely observes the technical architecture and related functionality of AI as an Informational technology.Then the study tries to observe the applicable areas of AI under different industrial segments. The paper analyses the real impact by observing the positive as well as negative outcomes of the AI on the society.The paper concludes that as like other technologies, the features of AI are highly useful to the society and there is a necessity to concentrate on restructuring the legal frame work while operating with such an efficient system as it almost replaces the human intervention in many cases. Introduction:Artificial intelligence is one of the advanced fields to investigate in information technology. It is the branch of science combined with engineering that uses the computer programs in making intelligent machines. AI is mainly concerned with designing of systems that exhibit the characteristics associated with human intelligence like understanding of language, learning, reasoning, solving problems etc.The field attracted many IT researchers due to its enormous underlying intellectual challenges. Researchers are creating systems which can imitate human thoughts, understanding of speech, logical processing, and automatic math calculations etc.The dream of smart machines becoming true due to advanced progress in AI programming techniques. It is related to the usage of computers to understand human intelligence, but AI has not confined itself to methods that are biologically observable.The ultimate effort of AI is to make computer programs that can solve problems and achieve goals that can replace the human effort. For this reason, the field of AI has become controversial in the sight of social, ethical, and philosophical practitioners.Scope of study:The current study tries to identify the social implications of Artificial intelligence. Back ground: History of AI:The AI name was proposed in 1950s but it was implemented at 1956 at a conference on the campus of Dartmouth College.   John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell and Herbert Simon, were the pioneers of AI research. They wrote programs for solution for word problems in algebra, proving logical theorems and speaking English.At that time, they worked on machines to develop the machines to do the work as equal to human intelligence can do.   But due to the difficulties like lack of raw computer power, the inflexible combinatorial explosion of their algorithms, the difficulty in representing commonsense knowledge and doing commonsense reasoning, the incredible difficulty of perception and motion and the failings of logic, their dreams were not come true.The Specialization of various AI Studies and d ifferent AI-related studies had developed during the 70's. Edward Feigenbaum started research on expert systems and Roger Schank advanced language analysis with interpretation of meanings to words. Due to the success of expert systems like MIS, knowledge system, medical diagnosis, the AI field was revitalized in early 1980s and also commercial growth has taken place with a big place for market in the IT industry.The market for AI was crossed more than a billion dollars. In the 90s, AI achieved great successes giving its credit to the factors like incredible power of computers and joint ventures to have new tie-ups between AI and other fields working on similar problems.Artificial intelligence was adopted throughout the technology industry in the areas like medical processing, heavy logistics, data mining, remote controlling, space science, military sciences and critical math computing areas etc.,Purposes of Artificial Intelligence:The development of AI has two motivations. Those are technological and psychological motivations. So far, development in AI programs has been conducted with these two motivations. Some developers want to make computers to do useful task without caring how developers do that task. These are methods such as   sensitivity to ultraviolet light, or an extensive search in advance through all the legal chess moves for several steps.Other developers are using AI to learn about human brains.   The medicine technology wants to investigate on human brain. AI gives a simulating edge to do such investigations on machines instead of conducting critical experiments directly on humans. This process of investigation in turn helps to develop psychological theories for the benefit and advancement of human kind.Development o f AI:Over the past 50 years, AI has made its impact on many sectors like education, medicine, logistics, pharmacy, R&D etc., to enhance the utilities in the daily lives of people in society. AI is being used in everyday consumer items such as robotic vacuum cleaners, running shoes along with advanced aeronautic navigation systems and medical computer imaging systems.  Artificial intelligence focused on developing hardware and software systems to solve problems which can only be solved by human intelligence usually. The AI includes studying and developing machines such as robots, automatic pilots for airplanes, space ships, and â€Å"smart† military weapons.Artificial Intelligence is aims to create intelligence through man made systems. This intelligence can range from low-level insect intelligence to human level intelligence.Artificial intelligence is to manipulate the information and interact with the environment which entails intelligence in an organism. The main idea behind the AI is that human beings and animals acquire knowledge from their environment and manipulation that knowledge in an efficient manner.Artificial Intelligence is slowly becoming part of our daily life. The AI applications r ange from video game to military applications.In practice, AI’s effective computability is drawn similar to the human intelligence in the lines that mind is represented by program controlled machines and mental structures refer to symbolic data structures, while mental processes implement algorithms. With this architecture, AI filed facilitates the computers to adopt advanced problem solving approaches to solve the complex situations.Artificial Intelligence is not limited to the field of information technology but also it encompasses on certain fields of Linguistics, Physiology and Psychology.AI is also very much helpful to Psychologists. They can express their theories clearly as programs. If the program fails to produce the proposed results, then the theory is incorrect, but the executed program will give a way to find out the mistake very easily in the instances like simulation, which would be very difficult and time consuming to find otherwise.However, if the program succ eeds, it does not just infer that the results for the theory are true in actual sense; but they help to correlate the practical outcome with the theories.AI is being using in the areas like financial processing, R&D design engineering, public transport schedulers, planning & architecture, security protocols etc., AI systems can provide guidance on gardening, travel, car maintenance in daily life and In order to assist the disabled persons AI robots were also developed.The theory and practice of AI is leading to the development of a wide range of artificially intelligent tools. Sometimes these tools will work under the guidance of a human and sometimes without external guidance, those are able to solve or help to solve a steadily increasing range of problems. (David Moursund)